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Technological change has enormous potential: it can help improve economy-wide productivity and stimulate growth and job creation. To fulfil this potential, governments need to make technology and innovation policies an integral part of overall economic policy, while intensifying their search for "best practices". This issue of the STI Review deals with these questions. It discusses "market" and "systemic" failure approaches and examines how economic theory can provide guidance in the quest for best practices. It presents a significant range of emerging policy adjustments in certain countries (Canada, the United States, Finland) and organisations and gives a resolutely new insight into technology and innovation policy.

Diffusion of innovations. --- Technological innovations --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Economic aspects.

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Information technology --- Diffusion of innovations --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Technological innovations

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Comment les sociétés s’approprient-elles les technologies, c’est-à-dire incorporent-elles dans leurs pratiques mais aussi dans leurs représentations des objets matériels ou immatériels « inédits » ? Et tout d’abord, quels rôles jouent respectivement l’offre (la production d’inventions) et la demande (l’évolution de la société) dans l’apparition et la diffusion de ces technologies ? Comment situer dans cette dynamique le rôle parfois méconnu des « entrepreneurs » ? Peut-on identifier des « déterminants » de cette appropriation, c’est-à-dire des caractéristiques de l’objet, de son mode d’élaboration ou des aspects socioculturels des sociétés qui vont favoriser ou freiner cette appropriation ? Faut-il privilégier des innovations « clés en main » ou au contraire prendre en compte la demande d’objets « ouverts » et adaptables ? Quelles sont les conséquences de cette appropriation sur la société ? Sont-elles anodines ou modifient-elles en profondeur les représentations de nous-mêmes, de nos relations aux autres, de notre environnement ? Enfin, comment répondre aujourd’hui à la demande à la fois forte, légitime et difficile à satisfaire d’une évaluation a priori des nouvelles technologies et d’identification des effets positifs ou négatifs de leur diffusion ? Faut-il compléter ces évaluations a priori par des dispositifs d’accompagnement et d’observation de ces processus d’appropriation et de leurs conséquences ? Ce sont ces différentes questions que ce rapport de l’Académie des technologies se propose d’éclairer.

Diffusion of innovations. --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Technological innovations

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Global Economic Prospects 2008: Technology Diffusion in the Developing World examines the state of technology in developing countries and the pace with which it has advanced since the early 1990s. It reveals both encouraging and cautionary trends. On the one hand, the pace of technological progress in developing countries has been much faster than in high-income countries-reflecting increased exposure to foreign technology as a result of linkages with high-skilled diasporas and the opening of these countries to international trade and foreign direct investment.On the other hand, the technology gap remains large, and the domestic factors that determine how quickly technologies spread within developing countries often stymie progress, especially among low-income countries. This year's Global Economic Prospects comes on the heels of an extended period of strong growth and a 15 year period of strong performance in much of the developing world, which has contributed to substantial declines in global poverty. While high oil prices and heightened market volatility may signal a coming pause in this process, over the longer term continued technological progress should continue to push back poverty. Rapid technological progress in developing countries has been central to the reduction of poverty in recent decades. While the integration of global markets has played and will continue to play a key role in this, future success will increasingly depend on strengthening technical competencies and the business environment for innovative firms in developing countries.

Economic development. --- Globalization. --- Industrialization. --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Diffusion of innovations --- Information technology --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Technological innovations

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Policy Diffusion Dynamics in America integrates research from agenda setting and epidemiology to model factors that shape the speed and scope of public policy diffusion. Drawing on a data set of more than 130 policy innovations, the research demonstrates that the 'laboratories of democracy' metaphor for incremental policy evaluation and emulation is insufficient to capture the dynamic process of policy diffusion in America. A significant subset of innovations trigger outbreaks - the extremely rapid adoption of innovation across states. The book demonstrates how variation in the characteristics of policies, the political and institutional traits of states, and differences among interest group carriers interact to produce distinct patterns of policy diffusion.

Policy sciences. --- Diffusion of innovations --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Technological innovations --- Policy-making --- Policymaking --- Public policy management --- Political aspects --- Social Sciences --- Political Science